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Старый 27.02.2011, 09:28   #10
PHD
 
Регистрация: 14.03.2009
Адрес: Россия, г.Челябинск
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Теория Black gate (англ.).
Black Gate Theory 黑金刚电解电容的原理

You may be especially interested to know how much difference in electrical performancethere is between Black Gate capacitors andordinary capacitors at the same voltage and capacity. A technical magazine in Japan conducted and reported an official test of several 63V/ 2200µF electrolytic capacitors from various manufacturers. These were purch--ased at random in Akihabara, Tokyo: the largest marketplace for retail ele--ctronics in Japan. The major findingsfrom this test are shown in Figure 3 and 4. As the figures show clearly, Black Gate capacitors were superior to all other capacitors with 1/2 to 1/10 the impedance and the E.S.R. The report attracted lots of attention all over the world, and surprised everyone.As shown in table 1. the Black Gate tested was rather small in size compared with the other capacitors and it had the best tan of all the capacitors, while exhibiting the smallest L. C. (leakage current). This means that Black Gates will have a longer life in any comparable app--lication than any other electrolytic capacitor. Furthermore, in the E.S.R. (equivalent seriesresistance) data in Figure 4, you can clearly see the characteristics that make our Black Gates' performance standout from all the rest. As you may be aware, E.S.R.can be expressed as: E.S.R. = impedance x tan

The E:S. R. value reveals the real strength or weakness capacitors. The reciprocal of this value is "Q". When the value of "Q" increases, the resolution of proximate two signals increases. Therefore, the amount of signal information that is accurately transmitted is also increased. This aspect of Black Gate capacitor performance is superior in almost every frequency range. At its best point, this value forBlack Gate capacitors is cut to 1/2 to 1/10 the levels of ordinary capacitors and provides an incredible, ideal curve Black Gate have distinctive noise level advantages over dry-type capacitors
As described before, dry-typeelectrolytic capacitors perform an internal electron transfer. However, due to their constructionlimitations, they are limited to low voltage ranges and have no self--recovery function. Further, they aresignificantly more expensive than the wet-type. We compared these dry-type electrolytic capacitors,ordinary wet-type electrolytic capacitors, and super-small Black Gate capacitors from our "PK" series (designed to be espe--cially compact). As figure 5 shows, the dry-type capacitors generated largecontact noise (because of their con--struction method) that was more than 60 dB higher than the Black Gates. And the dry-type capacitors didn't even offer better electron transfer. Instead, they will actually decrease the S/N ratio to any appliance they are installed in.

Next, we compared ordinary wet-type capacitors and Black Gates, using identical materials and production processes for everything except the se--parator. The results are shown in Figure 6. The performance differences are obvious. In a CLT-1 distortion comparison, Black Gate capacitors had 40 to 50 dB less harmonic distortion than ordinary wet-type capacitors. This means that the ion transfer distortion normally found in the separator has been eliminated in Black Gate capacitors.

As show in Fig. 7, the Black Gate does not show any deterioration in performanceat temperatures as low as -40°C as compared with conventional ele--ctrolytic capacitors. This benefits electronic equipment for use in low-temperature environments. It is known that conventional elec--trolytic capacitors show substantial deterioration in performance due to the freezing of an electrolyte.

Excellent discharge characteristics
As explained above, the Black Gate uses conductive graphite particles as a bypass for electrons. This makes the product suitable for instantaneous charging and discharging of large electronic energy as with strobe flash equipment. Generally, the luminous curve at the tine of discharging depends on the capacitor's E.S.R. value. The smaller the E.S.R. value, the higher the peak illu--minance level. The Black Gate is therefore very promising for use as a Plasma discharging ca--pacitor as well. The use of a Black Gate capacitor in an inverter for a fluorescent lamp can del--iver a substantially improved level of performance thanks to its very high power transfer efficiency. It is possible to make a compact, lightweight, low-cost power supply unit using a Black Gate capacitor.

From audio frequency up to giga-hertz applications - Non-polarized Black Gates beat them all.
Among the many accomplishments of the various Black Gate capacitor series, non-polarized Black Gates deserve special mention. Ordinary non-polarized electrolytic capacitors are made by facing oxide-coated positive electrodes toward each other so that the internal electrical pot--ential changes to match every alternation of current direction. They cause greater deterioration of both phase and distortion characteristics than ordinary capacitors do. They are produced in small quantities and sometimes appliances containing these capacitors are rejected. But, Black Gate BG-NX non-polarized capacitors, conductive separator particles function as gateelectrodes in stabilizing the zero potential of alternating current. Non-polarized Black Gate capacitors offer enhanced performance. They beat out every other kind of capacitor. The fine graphite particles play an important role here, as well. The BLACK carbon particles functioningas a GATE electrode is where the name "Black Gate" comes from. In addition, the aluminum oxide as the dielectric has the same effective quality as sapphires; the best capacitors on earth. The extremely thin, super-small electrodes maximize the capacitance for a given area of aluminum oxide, and they work without resonance at even giga-hertz frequencies. We achieved a super-small BG-NX Hi-Q of 0.1µF for the first time ever in the world. They have an amazing one-thousandth of the high frequency distortion of ceramic capacitors. When all is said and done, Black Gate capacitors conquer the full range, from audio to giga-hertz frequencies. There are no better capacitors.

With no internal resonance the Super E-Cap becomes the ideal capacitor
Our unlimited pursuit of the technology used in Black Gates finally led us to develop L-cancelingpairs of non-polarized Black Gates. We connected two identical non-polarized Black Gates (BG-Ns or BG-NX's). Together they cancel the resonance generated by their internal inductance. This method results in ideal capacitors whose impedance an E.S.R. values decrease as the frequency increases. We named these capacitors "Super E-Caps". This system completely eliminated the internal resonance of the capacitors. As a result, we were the first to be able to completely eliminate ripple and EMI noise in DC/DC converters and switching power su--pplies. This problem had Plagued electronic appliance designers, but we solved it. Details of this system are described in the catalog for Super E-Caps and in our Technical Reports, No. 71 and 85. We suggest you read these reports for more information. (Recently granted patent No. 2,606,771,U.S.P.5,379,181).

The Black Gate WK, WKZ was created by expanding the ability of our non-polarized capacitors to the maximum
In polarized electrolytic capacitors, there exist no capacitor action from cathode to anode electrodes. This is the reverse current. More precisely, not , only a positive direction current but also a negative direction current forming a part of an alternate current flow in the capacitor which cause distortions and noises. In a larger scale, the flows generate a gas by heating the electrolyte which is a cause of short life.
Particularly, smoothing capacitors in a rectifier which is connected to a power supply directly or through a transformer are a subject to reverse pulses from the rectifier. They are constantly the subject to high intensity reverse pulses when they are used in a primary smoothing circuit for a switching power supply. These capacitors are also causes of generation of EMI noises and heat. WK and WKZ have a remarkable structure which enables a complete non-polarized capacitor suppressing all the reverse pulses by applying a oxide film having a large resisting voltage exceeding by 1/2 of the operation voltage to the cathode electrode. All the problems above have been, th, us, resolved and extremely low noise, high power and long life have been attained. Thisis a result of realizing the features of the Black Gate at their maximum level which no other type of capacitors can not realize. See Technical Reports No. 89 and 90.
Recently, it has become a realproblem that electromagnetic waves emitted from inside of electronic devices give a harm to a human body or high grademedical appliances. Harmonic noise having a wide frequency range generated by a power supplies or circuits of cell phones, digital cameras or personal computers are real problems which give anxiety to users of such devices. There is a moveto restrict the problem by contacting atreaty on a world wide base.The harmonic noises are generated by electrolytedue toits non-linear characteristics used for a pulse transmission circuit when a pulse signal passes through capacitors. Particularly, a larger amount of harmful electromagnetic waves are generated from capacitors used for switching power supplies or DC/DC converters.Since the electromagnetic waves are generated from capacitors used for eliminating the noises due to their fun--ctional incompleteness, there is no ways other than replacing the ideal capacitors that do not generate noises.
Fig. 8, A and B are comparison curves showing non-linear distortion characte--ristics, impedances and E.S.R. char--acteristics of electrolytic capacitors widely used in smoothing circuits, of power supplies in ordinary personal computers, etc. and Black Gate N series.

These curves clearly show that the source of the electromagnetic waves is the electrolytic capacitors.
In Fig. 8, A, the difference between ordinary electrolytic capacitors and Black Gates reaches 50 dB and the difference of E.S.R. value is 10 times in Fig. 8, B. These figures show that total difference is amount to a big value of 60 dB. In other words, it is understood that ordinary used electrolytic capacitors generate harmful electromagnetic waves of 1000 times larger than the waves generated by Black Gates. With the ordinary electrolytic capacitors, improvement of only 6 dB or 10 dB in suppressing the harmful electroma-gnetic. waves can be obtained by taking some measures which are far away from 60 dB. The fact is proved that only Black Gates can reduce the level of harmful electromagnetic waves to -160 dB for the first time which level is below natural noise level (-120 dB). Black Gates also can be said to be the sole elements that suppress the harmful electromagnetic waves. See Technical Report No. 111.

If Olympic game for capacitors is held, Black Gate will win a championship in decathlon without fail


Black Gate capacitors, we applied almost all of the path as electron transfer channels. As described in the earlier paragraph concerning impedance, Black Gate capacitors offer better characteristics than ordinary capacitors with five times the capacitance. In addition, they crate only 1/1000 (-60 dB) the internal distortion, offer 100 times faster internal signal transfer rates, and have 2 to 3 times the power transfer efficiency of ordinary capacitors. These performance levels are previously unprecedented. They are beyond the comprehension of people who cling to old, wrong ideas about electrolytic capacitors. But, these performance levels have been independently verified. They are FACTS! When you use Black Gate capacitors throughout your appliance design, you will get surprising results. Our Technical Reports are useful guides for your application of Black Gate capacitors in designing appliances. Jelmax´s decade-long accumulation of valuable knowledge has been published in first class technical magazines and in over a hundred Technical Reports. These reports have been very well received and are considered trustworthy in the information they present. The contents of many of these reports have been used as topics for in-house education programs and as texts used by technicians and educators, because they contain valuable information not available in books or schools. Some of these reports have been translated into English and have been well received around the world. Copies of these reports are available upon request. Black Gates have already been adopted for use in appliances manufactured by dozens of firstname electric appliance manufacturers both in and outside of Japan. They have contributed to tremendous increases in the performance of these appliances. Black Gate capacitors are welcomed as one of the biggest electronic parts innovations in the 20th century. The applications are limitless in all sorts of electronic devices and equipment, such as radios, TV sets, cameras, VTR's, tape recorders, stereos, audio appliances, CD players, digital processors, communications equipment, medical instruments such as , MRI/CT/DSA/US, electron microscopes, AD/DA converters, AC/DC power supplies, DC/DC power supplies, works stations, fax machines, high resolution copying machines, printing machines, laser instruments, NC tools, etc. Black Gate capacitors are now recognized all over the world as indispensable components in decreasing the noise found in high resolution portable equipment for multi-media use. The spreading use of Black Gate capacitors is guaranteed since it would be impossible to develop capacitors superior to Black Gates. The primary technology used in Black Gates is described in Reports No's. 50, 51, and 52. We strongly recommend that you read these reports.

Improving the target S/N ratio of appliances and reducing component distortion
As explained above in detail, distortion noises due to ions which are to exist essentially disappeared from the inside of the Black Gate because the Transcendence Electro Transfer took place based on the surprising tunnel effect inside the electrolytic capacitor of ion transfer. This is a big news which has never heard before. As a result that the largest noise source in electronic circuits has disappeared, the target S/N (Signal to Noise Ratio) of all the appliances has been improved at a degree which has never been experienced before with a rapid decrease in circuit noise level. We replaced all the , capacitors with non-polarized Black Gates of the set in CLT-1, a distortion measuring device having the highest sensitivity. Then measured the distortion of itself. Remarkably, the result showed that improvement with more than 20 dB was realized. Consequently the limitation of the measuring value reaches - 180 dB. This is an evidence that S/N of all the electronic devices are also improved by more than 20 dB.
For more details, see the Technical Report No. 110.

The Idling Process
If a Black Gate capacitor mounted on an electronic device is actuated, a signal current flows into it and the electrodes are gradually activated, reducing non-linear distortion and phase distortion substantially while improving the efficiency of power transfer efficiency. The time required for this process va, ries widely with the capacity, voltage and signal level. A total of about 30 hours is the standard level. Once this process of idling is completed, the effect continues as long as the capacitor is kept at the same place and the operating environment does not undergo a substantial change. The effect of idling has been proved with all types of electronic equipment-analog, digital, high-frequency and other devices. It must be noted that idling is different from aging, which applies a direct current voltage without giving signals.
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